After years of negligence, from 2012 onwards, Georgian agriculture returned to the spotlight. State funding for the sector grew from 85 mln. GEL in 2011 to more than 200 mln. GEL in the consecutive years, and up to 293 mln. GEL in 2020. The state launched more than ten agricultural support programs and established a separate agency, the Agricultural Projects Management Agency (APMA), in 2013 for their management. Those engaged in agriculture obviously welcome the increased state support to the sector, however many now question the results. The various outcomes of state spending in agriculture have since become a hotly debated topic in 2020 – an election year.
HOW MUCH DID THE STATE SPEND ON AGRICULTURE AND WHAT WERE THE RESULTS?
In order to tackle this question, it will be helpful to look at certain macroeconomic indicators, like production, investments, prices, and employment in agriculture.
PRODUCTION
In spite of increased public spending in agriculture, there is no real growth in the sector. The statistics show that the average annual public spending on agriculture between 2010-2019 was 275 mln. GEL, with particularly high annual budget expenditure of more than 300 mln. GEL in 2015-2017.
Figure 1. Public spending and GDP in agriculture
While agricultural GDP in 2013-2016 was higher than in 2010-2012, there is a clear downward trend in growth from 2013-2016. The period of recession coincided with the highest public spending on agriculture; with the recession peaking in 2017 due to a stink bug invasion. The infestation appeared in 2016 and significantly damaged one of Georgia’s major agricultural crops – hazelnut. While hazelnut production suffered the most, the sting bug also damaged other crops, and eventually led to one of the lowest levels of agricultural GDP (2,380 mln. GEL) in the decade. Unlike 2017, 2018 was the most successful year in Georgian agriculture over the last decade due to the following:
• An increase in fruit production: a 63% increase in 2018 compared to 2016 and a 44% increase compared to 2017;
• An increase in animal production: a 10% increase in meat production, a 5% increase in milk production, and a 6% increase in egg production compared to 2017;
• An increase in the production of annual crops: of wheat, maize, and vegetables compared to 2017, though still lower than in 2016.
While public spending affects agricultural GDP, the other reasons affecting agricultural output include the sector’s dependency on weather and the relatively long payback period for state funded agricultural programs.
FDI
While agricultural GDP peaked in 2018, FDI, on the contrary, marked its minimum level, with a divestment of 3 mln. GEL in the sector in 2018.
Figure 2. FDI in Georgian agriculture
Certain major drivers for the low FDI in agriculture are:
• The well-known, and hotly debated, ban on the purchase of agricultural land by foreigners;
• Limited production factors in rural areas – the aging population, lack of human, and physical capital;
• Political instability and tensions – many protests have taken place in the streets of Tbilisi over the last two years.
FDI in agriculture constituted, on average, 1.1% of the total FDI in Georgia for 2009-2019. Overall, it shows a downward trend, despite depreciation of the Georgian lari. While currency depreciation usually positively affects FDI, in Georgia, so far, there is no evidence of this.
PRICES
There has been a significant increase in food prices in recent years. The latest statistics shows that food prices have increased by 12.7% (Geostat, 2020). The two-digit inflation in food prices persisted throughout 2019 and was driven mostly by domestic currency depreciation, leading to more expensive food imports. Although increased public spending should have contributed to the expansion of domestic production, and a reduction in import demand and prices, apparently a slight increase on the supply side could not offset other negative impacts. The higher demand for food, due to the development of tourism and more importantly depreciation of the lari, has offset increased domestic production and resulted in greater food imports at higher prices.
Given the significant spending on food (43% of household total spending in 2018), food price inflation puts enormous pressure on the Georgian population, which still heavily depends on social transfers from the state, particularly in rural areas, where poverty affects 23.1% of the population (Geostat, 2020).1
EMPLOYMENT
Employment in agriculture is particularly high in Georgian rural areas. The rural self-employed constituted 34% of the total labor force in 2019 (Geostat, 2020). Thus, more than one third of the total labor force in Georgia is likely to be employed in agriculture.
Figure 3. Employment statistics
Note: The author assumes that the self-employed in rural area are working within agriculture.
Employment shares in agriculture show a downward trend, however the change in the percentage of shares is very limited, from a maximum of 37% in 2011 to a minimum of 33% in 2018.
While public spending in agriculture has had some positive impact on agricultural GDP, the remaining indicators show the need for more reforms and structural changes in the sector. Public spending cannot replace investment, and so far, it has not increased domestic production to the extent where Georgia is no longer dependent on food imports and vulnerable to food price shocks.
1 The share of the population under the absolute poverty line (%).
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