Givi Melkadze, Florian Biermann

Many countries in the world run their public pension systems under the so called pay-as-you-go (PAYG) scheme, where pensioners receive their money from those who are currently working. The transfers are made through separate obligatory contributions to the pension system or through general taxes. Unfortunately but predictably, in the last decades the shrinking and ageing populations caused severe problems for PAYG systems, both in advanced as well as in less developed countries. An inevitable consequence of people living longer and fertility rates going ...